İndividualizm və xüsusilə personalizm filosof-mütəfəkkirlərin diqqətini xüsusilə cəlb edən məsələlər sırasında olublar. İnsanın cəmiyyət ilə münasibətlərində öz xüsusiyyətləri, özgürlüyü və təkrar olunmazlığını qoruyub saxlamasını ifadə edən bu problemi müəyyən etməyin əhəmiyyətindən danışsaq, konkret bir şəxsə məxsus göstəricilərdən çıxış etməklə bütöv və hərtərəfli nəticə əldə etmək mümkündür. Qeyd olunan vəzifəni həyata keçirmək o qədər də asan deyildir. Çünki söhbət müəyyən bir şəxsi başqalarından ayırmaqdan başlayaraq, onun unikallığının formalaşması və mövcudluğunun müəyyən olunmasına qədər davam edən bir prosesi öyrənməkdən gedir. Dünyaya fərd kimi (...) gələn insan öz fəaliyyəti, özünüdərketməsi sayəsində şəxsiyyətin qabil ola biləcəyi bir varlığa çevrilə bilər. Məhz cəmiyyətin normal fəaliyyəti və inkişafı üçün onun hər bir üzvünün müəyyən qədər özünəməxsusluğu zəruridir. Və cəmiyyət üzvlərinin rəngarəngliyi, burada aydın ifadə olunmuş fərdiyyətlər, şəxsiyyətlərin mövcudluğu hər bir ictimai quruluşun, onun mədəniyyətinin həqiqi zənginliyini təmin edir. Buna görə də, insanların fərdi özünəməxsusluğuna malik olması sosial inkişafın qanunauyğunluğu kimi də qəbul edilir. Məqalədə Avropa personalistlərinin fikirlərinə istinadən belə proseslər izlənilib. (shrink)

BackgroundIn Saudi clinical settings, benevolent family care that reflects strongly held sociocultural values is commonly used to justify overriding respect for patient autonomy. Because the welfare of individuals is commonly regarded as inseparable from the welfare of their family as a whole, these values are widely believed to obligate the family to protect the welfare of its members by, for example, giving the family authority over what healthcare practitioners disclose to patients about their diagnoses and prognoses and preventing them from (...) making informed decisions about their healthcare.DiscussionFamily dominance over the healthcare decisions of competent patients is ethically problematic when the family prevent healthcare practitioners from disclosing diagnoses and prognoses to patients who have the capacity to consent and make decisions in their own best interests. Thus, the author holds that sociocultural values ought to be respected only when they do not prevent competent patients from knowing their diagnoses and prognoses or prevent them from making their own decisions.ConclusionHealthcare practitioners should not allow patients’ families to control what can or cannot be disclosed to competent patients. This is particularly important when patients are approaching death so that they may address their material and spiritual wishes—among other needs—as they prepare for death. Justification for this position is drawn from the Maqasid Al-Shariah-based Islamic bioethics approach, from which it is possible to argue that the harm of withholding diagnoses and prognoses from patients who are imminently dying outweighs the potential benefits. (shrink)

Presents collected writings of Slavoj Zizek - one of the world's leading contemporary cultural commentators. Drawing upon a range of his prolific output, the articles here cover psychoanalysis, philosophy and popular culture.

“There's glory for you!”“I don't know what you mean by ‘glory,’ ” Alice said.Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. “Of course, you dont—till I tell you. I meant ‘there's a nice knock-down argument.’”“But ‘glory’ doesn't mean a ‘nice knock-down argument,” Alice objected.“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.”“The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.”“The question is,” said (...) Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master, that's all.”When applied bioethics confronts the topic of futility, the question of who is to be master turns out to be central. Indeed, much of the literature on futility has focused on exactly this question: who gets to define the terms of the debate? Who gets to decide that treatment is “futile” and therefore allowably withheld or withdrawn? (shrink)

In this paper, we claim that we can only seek to eradicate the stigma associated with the contemporary opioid overdose epidemic when we understand how opioid stigma and the epidemic have co-evolved. Rather than conceptualizing stigma as a parallel social process alongside the epidemiologically and physiologically defined harms of the epidemic, we argue that the stigmatized history of opioids and their use defines the epidemic. We conclude by offering recommendations for disrupting the burden of opioid stigma.

Jesper Ryberg and Julian Roberts teach ethics and criminology at Roskilde University and the University of Oxford respectively. In Sentencing and Artificial Intelligence, they have curated a powerf...

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 12, Page 70-72, December 2011.

DNA is packed as chromatin on several levels in the eukaryotic nucleus. Dissection of chromatin with nucleases produces three stable substructures: the nucleosome core particle, the chromatosome and the 30 nm fibre. Whilst the first two allow transcription, the 30 nm fibre is taken to be the first level of transcriptionally dormant chromatin and it has an important functional role in cell differentiation and epigenetic regulation. Its structure has been a subject of continuing discussion since native fibres cannot readily be (...) crystallized. This problem has recently been addressed by reconstitution of fibres on repeats of DNA sequences having nucleosome‐positioning properties and two different structures were reported.1,2The reconstitution results and their interpretations are compared in this review with experimental data from native chromatin and it is shown that the results of Robinson et al.2 conform well with the known structural features of native fibres and are a good first step towards understanding the structure of the fibre. BioEssays 30:1003–1009, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Research suggests that institutions affect the levels of corruption in a country. We take these arguments a step further and examine whether it is the presence of inclusive institutions and/or the credible and consistent implementation of institutions that matter, as regards corruption. We use a novel approach to theoretically conceptualise and empirically operationalise institutions along two analytically distinct dimensions: the nature of the institutions (the de jure dimension), and the extent to which they are credibly and consistently implemented over time (...) (the de facto dimension), using a panel dataset for 148 countries covering 2012 to 2018. We find that formal institutions are most effective in reducing corruption when the rules are credibly and consistently implemented. Furthermore, this effect appears to operate differently at different levels of national income. The nature of the formal institutions appears important across income levels, but particularly so at the upper middle income level, while the credible and consistent implementation of these institutions is primarily influential at upper middle income levels. We explain why this may be the case and elaborate on the policy implications. (shrink)

Instead of technological policyprescriptions, the search for solutions to managementproblems in irrigation systems is increasingly soughtin organizational and institutional reforms. Thereseems to be an emerging consensus that water and moneysavings can be brought about by (1) treating water asan economic good; and (2) decentralizing themanagement of irrigation water. Policies based on thisconsensus are being implemented in a large number ofcountries. On the basis of insights derived fromfeminist economics, the paper identifies and discussesgender biases of new irrigation management policies.The paper shows (...) that policies do not explicitlyconsider the possibility that women are water users,and are implicitly based on a belief that all usersare equally able to pay for water. Calculations aboutexpected increases in efficiency may be wrong, becausethey do not take women‘s unpaid contributions tothe economy into account. Existing evidence about theimpacts of irrigation programs shows that these haveprovoked changes in the costs of irrigation or users,in water use practices, and in the accountabilitybetween users and providers of water. No empiricalinformation exists to ascertain whether these changesare gender specific. Impact studies do not addressgender concerns, and methods employed in impactstudies do not allow a critical re-assessment of thetheories underlying new irrigation policies. Thisreinforces the idea that gender or women do not matterand seriously limits the understanding of thedeterminants of irrigation management performance. (shrink)

Critical and comparative analysis on the philosophical thoughts of ʻAlī Sharīʻatī and Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 19th and 20th centuries Muslim philosophers.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)